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Risk Factors
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Reference:
Ronnemaa, 2009
Cohort:
Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men
Risk Factor:
Diabetes Mellitus
Average Follow-up Time Detail
The incident cohort was 1125 non-demented 71 year old individuals. Cognitive testing was done twice over the follow-up period: at age 77 (n = 804 returning participants), and at age 82 (n = 520).
The median follow-up time was 12 years.
Exposure Detail
The exposure was fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L).
"An OGTT was performed by measuring the plasma concentrations of glucose, fasting insulin and insulin 30 and 120 min after ingestion of 75 g anhydrous dextrose...Plasma concentrations of glucose were analysed by the glucose dehydrogenase method (Gluc-DH; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)."
Ethnicity Detail
No race or ethnicity information was provided in the report. According to a
description of the cohort
, nearly all the members of the original cohort were Caucasian.
Screening and Diagnosis Detail
Screening Method:
7MS
7 Minute Screen (Solomon 1998)
MMSE
Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein 1975)
TMT
Trail Making Test (Reitan 1958)
AD Diagnosis:
DSM IV
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV
NINCDS ADRDA
National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria (McKhann 1984)
Total dementia definition:
Defined as 'any dementia or cognitive impairment'.
The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and a Swedish version of the 7 Minute Screen (7MS) were administered as screening tests. Individuals with low scores were referred to the geriatric memory clinic for further follow-up. The MMSE and TMT were administered for screenings at ages 71 and 77, while the MMSE and the 7MS were administered for screenings at age 82.
"The original work-up of participants with diagnosed
specific dementia subtypes varied but always included a
detailed medical history, relevant neuropsychological testing, physical examination and laboratory tests to rule out other systemic or brain diseases that might account for the deficits...To standardise any differences between the original work-ups, the records of all possible cases of dementia and cognitive impairment were reviewed, and the definitive diagnoses in the present study were confirmed by two experienced geriatricians, independently of each other and blinded to the baseline data. In the event of disagreement, a third geriatrician reviewed the case and the diagnosis was determined by majority decision. Our primary endpoint, Alzheimer’s disease, was diagnosed according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and the criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV)."
Covariates & Analysis Detail
Analysis Type:
Cox proportional hazards regression
The final reported analysis adjusted for diabetes mellitus. In this study, individuals were classified as having diabetes mellitus if they had a fasting plasma glucose concentration > 7.0 mmol/l, or if they used pharmacologic treatments for diabetes. There were 121 diabetic individuals in this analysis sample.
AD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
BMI
body mass index
DM
diabetes mellitus
SM
smoking status
SBP
systolic blood pressure
TC
total cholesterol
TD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
BMI
body mass index
DM
diabetes mellitus
SM
smoking status
SBP
systolic blood pressure
TC
total cholesterol